PETRAS Publications

@inproceedings{proc-in-zhang_sustainability_2018,

title = {On the Sustainability of Blockchain Funding},

author = {Bingsheng Zhang and Hamed Balogun},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1109%2Ficdmw.2018.00020},

doi = {10.1109/icdmw.2018.00020},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-11-17},

booktitle = {2018 IEEE International Conference on Data Mining Workshops (ICDMW)},

publisher = {IEEE},

abstract = {Blockchain technology has pioneered a new consensus approach to building a distributed public ledger globally. A key feature expected from cryptocurrencies and blockchain systems is the absence of a centralized control over the operation process. That is, blockchain solutions should neither rely on "trusted parties or powerful minority" for their operations nor introduce such centralisation tendencies into blockchain systems. On the other hand, real-world blockchain systems require steady funding for continuous development and maintenance of the systems. Given that blockchain systems are decentralized systems, their maintenance and developmental funding should also be void of centralization risks. Therefore, secure and "community-inclusive" long-term sustainability of funding is critical for the health of blockchain platforms. In this work, for the first time, we provide a systematic exposition of blockchain development funding, planning, management, and disbursement mechanisms aka "treasury systems" (for cryptocurrencies and blockchain systems). Drawing from existing literature, we identify and categorise various treasury models, thereby enabling an exploration of their properties, benefits and drawbacks. Particularly, we perform an evaluation of real-world cryptocurrency treasury system of top cryptocurrencies e.g., Dash governance system, and ZCash Foundation. Finally, we briefly discuss desired properties of decentralised treasury systems and provide suggestions for improvement or alternative solutions to existing systems or implementations.},

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tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{proc-in-tomic_antilizer_2018,

title = {Antilizer: Run Time Self-Healing Security for Wireless Sensor Networks},

author = {Ivana Tomi\'{c} and Po-Yu Chen and Michael J. Breza and Julie A. McCann},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3286978.3287029},

doi = {10.1145/3286978.3287029},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-11-05},

booktitle = {MobiQuitous '18: Proceedings of the 15th EAI International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems: Computing, Networking and Services},

publisher = {ACM},

abstract = {Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) applications range from domestic Internet of Things systems like temperature monitoring of homes to the monitoring and control of large-scale critical infrastructures. The greatest risk with the use of WSNs in critical infrastructure is their vulnerability to malicious network level attacks. Their radio communication network can be disrupted, causing them to lose or delay data which will compromise system functionality. This paper presents Antilizer, a lightweight, fully-distributed solution to enable WSNs to detect and recover from common network level attack scenarios. In Antilizer each sensor node builds a self-referenced trust model of its neighbourhood using network overhearing. The node uses the trust model to autonomously adapt its communication decisions. In the case of a network attack, a node can make neighbour collaboration routing decisions to avoid affected regions of the network. Mobile agents further bound the damage caused by attacks. These agents enable a simple notification scheme which propagates collaborative decisions from the nodes to the base station. A filtering mechanism at the base station further validates the authenticity of the information shared by mobile agents. We evaluate Antilizer in simulation against several routing attacks. Our results show that Antilizer reduces data loss down to 1% (4% on average), with operational overheads of less than 1% and provides fast network-wide convergence.},

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tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{proc-in-bhatia_lpwa_2018,

title = {LPWA-MAC: a Low Power Wide Area network MAC protocol for cyber-physical systems},

author = {Laksh Bhatia and Ivana Tomi\'{c} and Julie A. McCann},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3274783.3275183},

doi = {10.1145/3274783.3275183},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-11-04},

booktitle = {SenSys '18: Proceedings of the 16th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems},

publisher = {ACM},

abstract = {Low-Power Wide-Area Networks (LPWANs) are being successfully used for the monitoring of large-scale systems that are delay-tolerant and which have low-bandwidth requirements. The next step would be instrumenting these for the control of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) distributed over large areas which require more bandwidth, bounded delays and higher reliability or at least more rigorous guarantees therein. This paper presents LPWA-MAC, a novel Low Power Wide-Area network MAC protocol, that ensures bounded end-to-end delays, high channel utility and supports many of the different traffic patterns and data-rates typical of CPS.},

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pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{proc-in-bhatia_aerial_2018,

title = {Aerial Interactions with Wireless Sensors},

author = {Laksh Bhatia and David E. Boyle and Julie A. McCann},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3274783.3275189},

doi = {10.1145/3274783.3275189},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-11-04},

booktitle = {SenSys '18: Proceedings of the 16th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems},

publisher = {ACM},

abstract = {Sensing systems incorporating unmanned aerial vehicles have the potential to enable a host of hitherto impractical monitoring applications using wireless sensors in remote and extreme environments. Their use as data collection and power delivery agents can overcome challenges such as poor communications reliability in difficult RF environments and maintenance in areas dangerous for human operatives. Aerial interaction with wireless sensors presents some interesting new challenges, including selecting or designing appropriate communications protocols that must account for unique practicalities like the effects of velocity and altitude. This poster presents a practical evaluation of the effects of altitude when collecting sensor data using an unmanned aerial vehicle. We show that for an otherwise disconnected link over a long distance (70m), by increasing altitude (5m) the link is created and its signal strength continues to improve over tens of metres. This has interesting implications for protocol design and optimal aerial route planning.},

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pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{proc-in-rashid_cps_2018,

title = {CPS-SPC 2018: Fourth Workshop on Cyber-Physical Systems Security and PrivaCy},

author = {Awais Rashid and Nils Ole Tippenhauer},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3243734.3243874},

doi = {10.1145/3243734.3243874},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-10-15},

booktitle = {CCS '18: Proceedings of the 2018 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security},

publisher = {ACM},

abstract = {Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) are becoming increasingly critical for the well-being of society (e.g., electricity generation and distribution, water treatment, implantable medical devices etc.). While the convergence of computing, communications and physical control in such systems provides benefits in terms of efficiency and convenience, the attack surface resulting from this convergence poses unique security and privacy challenges. These systems represent the new frontier for cyber risk. CPS-SPC is an annual forum in its 4th edition this year, that aims to provide a focal point for the research community to begin addressing the security and privacy challenges of CPS in a comprehensive and multidisciplinary manner and, in tandem with other efforts, build a comprehensive research road map.},

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pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{proc-in-shaw_tacita_2018,

title = {Tacita: A Privacy Preserving Public Display Personalisation Service},

author = {Peter Shaw and Mateusz Mikusz and Petteri Nurmi and Nigel Davies},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3267305.3267627},

doi = {10.1145/3267305.3267627},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-10-08},

booktitle = {UbiComp '18: Proceedings of the 2018 ACM International Joint Conference and 2018 International Symposium on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing and Wearable Computers},

publisher = {ACM},

abstract = {In this demonstration, we present a full implementation of Tacita, a display personalisation system designed to address viewer privacy concerns whilst still capable of providing relevant content to viewers and therefore increasing the value of displays.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{proc-in-tomic_limits_2018,

title = {The Limits of LoRaWAN in Event-Triggered Wireless Networked Control Systems},

author = {Ivana Tomi\'{c} and Laksh Bhatia and Michael J. Breza and Julie A. McCann},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1109%2Fcontrol.2018.8516774},

doi = {10.1109/control.2018.8516774},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-09-05},

booktitle = {2018 UKACC 12th International Conference on Control (CONTROL)},

publisher = {IEEE},

abstract = {Wireless sensors and actuators offer benefits to large industrial control systems. The absence of wires for communication reduces the deployment cost, maintenance effort, and provides greater flexibility for sensor and actuator location and system architecture. These benefits come at a cost of a high probability of communication delay or message loss due to the unreliability of radio-based communication. This unreliability poses a challenge to contemporary control systems that are designed with the assumption of instantaneous and reliable communication. Wireless sensors and actuators create a paradigm shift in engineering energy-efficient control schemes coupled with robust communication schemes that can maintain system stability in the face of unreliable communication. This paper investigates the feasibility of using the low-power wide-area communication protocol LoRaWAN with an event-triggered control scheme through modelling in Matlab. We show that LoRaWAN is capable of meeting the maximum delay and message loss requirements of an event-triggered controller for certain classes of applications. We also expose the limitation in the use of LoRaWAN when message size or communication range requirements increase or the underlying physical system is exposed to significant external disturbances.},

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pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{proc-in-yuan_dynamic_2018,

title = {Dynamic Route Selection for Vehicular Store-Carry-Forward Networks and Misbehaviour Vehicles Analysis},

author = {Hu Yuan and Carsten Maple and Kevin Ghirardello},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1109%2Fvtcfall.2018.8690703},

doi = {10.1109/vtcfall.2018.8690703},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-08-27},

booktitle = {2018 IEEE 88th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC-Fall)},

publisher = {IEEE},

abstract = {In this paper, we present realistic urban simulation results for store-carry-forward (SCF) relay communications within a cellular network. We describe two dynamic routing algorithms, minimising outage and minimising data packet travel time, which feature enhancements to increase the routing flexibility. It is shown that these enhancements to increase flexibility in re-routing the data leads to a dramatic decrease in the outage probability while only increasing packet travel time slightly. A misbehaviour model is analysed in this paper, in which misbehaving vehicles fail to follow the rules of the SCF routing algorithms. There are various reasons for a rogue vehicle to fail to obey the routing algorithm, including an intention to modify the message before onward transmission. Misbehaviour is detected by considering expected traffic density distributions. A Hidden Markov Model (HMM) is used to detect misbehaviour based on how data is passed by vehicles. Results show that the probability that misbehaviour is detected is 87% using this approach.},

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pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{proc-in-xia_developing_2018,

title = {Developing Offloading-Enabled Application Development Frameworks for Android Mobile Devices},

author = {Hui Xia and Ligang He and Bin Wang and Cheng Chang and Xie Han and Carsten Maple},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1109%2Fhpcc%2Fsmartcity%2Fdss.2018.00086},

doi = {10.1109/hpcc/smartcity/dss.2018.00086},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-06-28},

booktitle = {2018 IEEE 20th International Conference on High Performance Computing and Communications; IEEE 16th International Conference on Smart City; IEEE 4th International Conference on Data Science and Systems (HPCC/SmartCity/DSS)},

publisher = {IEEE},

abstract = {Mobile devices, such as smartphones, offer people great convenience in accessing information and computation resources. However, mobile devices remain relatively limited in terms of computing, memory and energy capacity when compared with desktop machines. A promising solution to mitigate these limitations is to enhance the services mobile devices can provide by utilizing powerful cloud platforms through offloading mechanisms, i.e., offloading the heavy information processing tasks from mobile devices to the Cloud. This paper addresses this issue by developing two offloading-enabled application development frameworks by adapting certain Android OS interfaces. The applications developed using these frameworks will be equipped with offloading capability. In the first framework, each application is selfish and makes offloading decisions independently, whereas in the second, a central offloading manager resides in the mobile device and is responsible for making the offloading decisions for all applications. The two frameworks are designed in a way that application developers only need to make minimal changes to their programming behavior. Experiments have been conducted that verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the offloading mechanisms that are proposed.},

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tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{proc-in-tsekleves_design_2018,

title = {Design Research Opportunities in the Internet of Health Things: a review of reviews},

author = {Emmanuel Tsekleves and Rachel Cooper},

url = {https://doi.org/10.21606%2Fdrs.2018.288},

doi = {10.21606/drs.2018.288},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-06-25},

booktitle = {Design as a catalyst for change - DRS International Conference 2018},

publisher = {Design Research Society},

abstract = {This paper charts the challenges and opportunities for design research in the Internet of Health Things (IoHT), by conducting a systematic review of review papers. The Internet of Things (IoT) is already impacting health services and could be the basis for a new healthcare paradigm in the near future. Thus there is a need to engage more designers and design researchers in actively shaping the next generation of development and deployment of IoT in health and care. Following a systematic review of the literature, we present key emerging themes, where design can add value and make a significant contribution to this field. Our findings indicate eight key challenges, which provide several opportunities for design researchers who wish to contribute and lead research in the field of IoHT.},

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tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{proc-in-akmal_using_2018,

title = {Using Heterotopias to Characterise Interactions in Physical/Digital Spaces},

author = {Haider Ali Akmal and Paul Coulton},

url = {https://doi.org/10.21606%2Fdrs.2018.348},

doi = {10.21606/drs.2018.348},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-06-25},

booktitle = {Design as a catalyst for change - DRS International Conference 2018},

publisher = {Design Research Society},

abstract = {This paper addresses the complexity of designing interactions in hybrid digital/physical spaces, in which notions of public and private are becoming increasingly blurred, by using a philosophical lens to characterise such spaces. In particular it references the ideas presented by Michel Foucault in his essay "Of Other Spaces". It proposes the presence of a spatial division within physical and virtual, in terms of private and public, and juxtaposes them through a Heterotopical Model for Inter-Spatial Interaction through which designers can examine the coexistence of physical and digital interactions. The purpose of modelling this juxtaposition is to help designers understand the nature of connections that happen between physical and digital objects in these spaces and consider how meaningful interactions can respond to this complexity.},

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tppubtype = {inproceedings}

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@inproceedings{proc-in-lindley_turning_2018,

title = {Turning Philosophy with a Speculative Lathe: Object Oriented Ontology, Carpentry, and Design Fiction},

author = {Joseph Galen Lindley and Paul Coulton and Haider Akmal},

editor = {Cristiano Storni and Keelin Leahy and Muireanne McMahon and Peter Lloyd and Erik Bohemia},

url = {http://www.drs2018limerick.org},

doi = {10.21606/dma.2018.327},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-06-25},

booktitle = {Proceedings of the Design Research Society Conference 2018},

volume = {1},

pages = {229--243},

publisher = {Design Research Society},

series = {Design Research Society Conference Proceedings 2018},

abstract = {Arising from the complex relationship between their physical affordances, digital shadows, and interconnections, the things which make up the 'Internet of Things' (the IoT) present designers, users, and society at large, with a range of unique and as-yet-unfamiliar forms of network-contingent agency. These new design spaces engender new forms network anxiety, that in turn can result in a range of ill effects including overstimulation, information overload, and paranoia. Contemporary philosophies of technology provide a theoretical base with which designers can temper these emergent techno-anxieties with a sort of scholarly comfort blanket, however, closing the loop between such theories and design practice so that one explicitly informs the other remains a rarely-tackled and elusive challenge within design research. To help explore how designers may underpin their practice with philosophical foundations, in this paper we recount our own experience of conducting an IoT-based Speculative Design project. This research attempts to encode, enact, and express ideas derived from a contemporary philosophical movement\textemdashObject Oriented Ontology (OOO)\textemdashand 'Carpenter' those ideas into designed artefacts using the Design Fiction as World Building approach to Speculative Design. To 'turn' a physical material\textemdashwood, metal or plastic\textemdashmeans reshaping the material with a lathe to afford it a tangible elegance and grace. Metaphorically speaking, in this paper, OOO is our material and Design Fiction is our lathe, we reflect on the process of sculpting and carving theory, lending shape and poise to OOO through Design Fiction enabled Carpentry},

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pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{proc-in-burns_reasoning_2018,

title = {Reasoning about Smart City},

author = {Martin Burns and Edward Griffor and Marcello Balduccini and Claire Vishik and Michael Huth and David Wollman},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1109%2Fsmartcomp.2018.00033},

doi = {10.1109/smartcomp.2018.00033},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-06-18},

booktitle = {2018 IEEE International Conference on Smart Computing (SMARTCOMP)},

publisher = {IEEE},

abstract = {Smart Cities are complex environments, comprising diverse cyber-physical systems (CPS), including Internet of Things (IoT). Smart Cities pose challenges of scale, integration, interoperability, sophisticated processes, governance, human elements. Trustworthiness (including safety, security, privacy, reliability and resilience) of these Smart Cities and their elements is critical for gaining broad adoption by the leadership and the public. The US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and its government, university and industry collaborators, have developed an approach to reasoning about CPS/IoT trustworthiness that can be applied to Smart Cities. The approach uses ontology and reasoning techniques, is based on the NIST Framework for Cyber-Physical Systems, and demonstrates how a greater understanding of the interdependencies between concerns (elements of the CPS Framework) can be achieved. To demonstrate capabilities of the approach in a short paper, we develop a public safety use case and show how reasoning can be used to analyze and validate the trustworthiness of elements of Smart Cities.},

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pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{proc-in-radanliev_integration_2018,

title = {Integration of Cyber Security Frameworks, Models and Approaches for Building Design Principles for the Internet-of-things in Industry 4.0},

author = {Petar Radanliev and David Charles De Roure and Jason R. C. Nurse and Razvan Nicolescu and Michael Huth and Stacy Cannady and Rafael Mantilla Montalvo},

doi = {10.1049/cp.2018.0041},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-06-14},

booktitle = {Living in the Internet of Things: Cybersecurity of the IoT - 2018},

publisher = {Institution of Engineering and Technology},

abstract = {This research article reports the results of a qualitative case study that correlates academic literature with five Industry 4.0 cyber trends, seven cyber risk frameworks and two cyber risk models. While there is a strong interest in industry and academia to standardise existing cyber risk frameworks, models and methodologies, an attempt to combine these approaches has not been done until present. We apply the grounded theory approach to derive with integration criteria for the reviewed frameworks, models and methodologies. Then, we propose a new architecture for the integration of the reviewed frameworks, models and methodologies. We therefore advance the efforts of integrating standards and governance into Industry 4.0 and offer a better understanding of a holistic economic impact assessment model for IoT cyber risk.},

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tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{proc-in-beck_how_2018,

title = {How Freya built Sharkie: Initial explorations into the safety, security and privacy concerns of children's IoT devices},

author = {Sophie Beck and Joe Finney and Brandin Hanson Knowles},

url = {https://cerc.kcl.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/314/2018/06/Conference-booklet_final.pdf},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-06-11},

booktitle = {London Computing Education Research Symposion, King's College London, UK},

abstract = {There are many benefits for children interacting with Internet of Things technology, which is exemplified by the popularity of physical computing in education. However, there is a need to explore the risks that are likely to emerge as children become ever-more exposed to IoT technology [1,2]. Through exploring the possible privacy, safety and security risks that children might encounter, new ways in which children can be educated around these risks can be identified. 

 This presentation reports on the findings from the first stage of IoT4Kids, which is a one year PETRAS project in partnership with The Micro:bit Foundation, NSPCC and FOSI. The project draws on children's imagined uses of the BBC micro:bit, which is an IoT device designed with the intent to engage children with programming and computing. It will also highlight how these findings are informing future research. 

 This presentation highlights the key findings of two workshops with primary school children (aged 9-11) which captured the children's imagined uses of the micro:bit and a Team and Stakeholder Workshop, which explored the children's use cases in relation to how children might realise some of their designs and possible risks which may emerge from children building their designs. 

 The data analysis from the first stage produced three high-level use categories; Assistance, Play and Companionship. Within each high-level use category, two initial speculative use scenarios were developed in order to inform the second stage of the project. These speculative use cases drew on the data collected from the events, as well as desk research drawing on current knowledge on known risks regarding online safety for children [3,4]. This resulted in the production of narratives of imagined children which included; their motivations for building an IoT device, how they built their design, and the possible risks that they might encounter during the build and use of their device. 

 Our study highlighted that a high proportion of children desire assistance technology, most likely influenced by their exposure to current IoT technologies. Whilst some of the more simplistic designs pose low risks, there was a proportion which highlighted children's desires for tracking and surveillance. A number of girls highlighted the desire for technology to be utilised for companionship purposes, combatting loneliness and provide a mechanism for emotional support. These designs related to capabilities available in IoT 'connected toys', whereby a child's favourite toy will respond to their questions and emotions. 

 A smaller proportion of boys highlighted their desire for risky play. Such examples included pranking, whereby IoT devises could be utilised to elicit fear in others, such as switching lights on and off in order to scare siblings. Based on the findings, use scenarios have been developed such as Freya who builds 'Sharkie' her own connected toy. Through this process a number of possible risks have been highlighted to explore further in the second stage of the project. 

 Future work aims to draw on this current study in order to design and create workshops-in-a-box. The aim of these resources will be to educate children around the potentials that they might encounter whilst programming IoT devices. These will include educational resources to support teachers in the exploration of IoT technologies when delivering the computing curriculum. The vision is to develop innovative approaches for delivering physical computing education, whilst raising awareness of safety, security and privacy concerns associated with children's interaction with IoT technologies.},

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pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{proc-in-pasquale_towards_2018,

title = {Towards forensic-ready software systems},

author = {Liliana Pasquale and Dalal Alrajeh and Claudia Peersman and Thein Than Tun and Bashar Nuseibeh and Awais Rashid},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3183399.3183426},

doi = {10.1145/3183399.3183426},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-05-27},

booktitle = {ICSE-NIER '18: Proceedings of the 40th International Conference on Software Engineering: New Ideas and Emerging Results},

publisher = {ACM},

abstract = {As software becomes more ubiquitous, and the risk of cyber-crimes increases, ensuring that software systems are forensic-ready (i.e., capable of supporting potential digital investigations) is critical. However, little or no attention has been given to how well-suited existing software engineering methodologies and practices are for the systematic development of such systems. In this paper, we consider the meaning of forensic readiness of software, define forensic readiness requirements, and highlight some of the open software engineering challenges in the face of forensic readiness. We use a real software system developed to investigate online sharing of child abuse media to illustrate the presented concepts.},

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pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{proc-in-binns_third_2018,

title = {Third Party Tracking in the Mobile Ecosystem},

author = {Reuben Daniel Binns and Ulrik Lyngs and Max Goodwin Van Kleek and Jun Zhao and Timothy Libert and Nigel R. Shadbolt},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3201064.3201089},

doi = {10.1145/3201064.3201089},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-05-15},

booktitle = {WebSci '18: Proceedings of the 10th ACM Conference on Web Science},

publisher = {ACM},

abstract = {Third party tracking allows companies to identify users and track their behaviour across multiple digital services. This paper presents an empirical study of the prevalence of third-party trackers on 959,000 apps from the US and UK Google Play stores. We find that most apps contain third party tracking, and the distribution of trackers is long-tailed with several highly dominant trackers accounting for a large portion of the coverage. The extent of tracking also differs between categories of apps; in particular, news apps and apps targeted at children appear to be amongst the worst in terms of the number of third party trackers associated with them. Third party tracking is also revealed to be a highly trans-national phenomenon, with many trackers operating in jurisdictions outside the EU. Based on these findings, we draw out some significant legal compliance challenges facing the tracking industry.},

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tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{proc-in-kleek_need_2018,

title = {The Need for Sensemaking in Networked Privacy and Algorithmic Responsibility},

author = {Max Goodwin Van Kleek and William Seymour and Michael Veale and Reuben Daniel Binns and Nigel R. Shadbolt},

url = {https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10046886/1/sensemaking-networked-privacy.pdf},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-04-22},

booktitle = {ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI'18), Montr\'{e}al, Canada},

abstract = {This paper proposes that two significant and emerging problems facing our connected, data-driven society may be more effectively solved by being framed as sensemaking challenges. The first is in empowering individuals to take control of their privacy, in device-rich information environments where personal information is fed transparently to complex networks of information brokers. Although sensemaking is often framed as an analytical activity undertaken by experts, due to the fact that non-specialist end-users are now being forced to make expert-like decisions in complex information environments, we argue that it is both appropriate and important to consider sensemaking challenges in this context. The second is in supporting human-in-the-loop algorithmic decision-making, in which important decisions bringing direct consequences for individuals, or indirect consequences for groups, are made with the support of data-driven algorithmic systems. In both privacy and algorithmic decision-making, framing the problems as sensemaking challenges acknowledges complex and illdefined problem structures, and affords the opportunity to view these activities as both building up relevant expertise schemas over time, and being driven potentially by recognition-primed decision making.},

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tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{proc-in-binns_its_2018,

title = {'It's Reducing a Human Being to a Percentage': Perceptions of Justice in Algorithmic Decisions},

author = {Reuben Daniel Binns and Max Goodwin Van Kleek and Michael Veale and Ulrik Lyngs and Jun Zhao and Nigel R. Shadbolt},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3173574.3173951},

doi = {10.1145/3173574.3173951},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-04-21},

booktitle = {CHI '18: Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems},

publisher = {ACM},

abstract = {Data-driven decision-making consequential to individuals raises important questions of accountability and justice. Indeed, European law provides individuals limited rights to 'meaningful information about the logic' behind significant, autonomous decisions such as loan approvals, insurance quotes, and CV filtering. We undertake three experimental studies examining people's perceptions of justice in algorithmic decision-making under different scenarios and explanation styles. Dimensions of justice previously observed in response to human decision-making appear similarly engaged in response to algorithmic decisions. Qualitative analysis identified several concerns and heuristics involved in justice perceptions including arbitrariness, generalisation, and (in)dignity. Quantitative analysis indicates that explanation styles primarily matter to justice perceptions only when subjects are exposed to multiple different styles---under repeated exposure of one style, scenario effects obscure any explanation effects. Our results suggests there may be no 'best' approach to explaining algorithmic decisions, and that reflection on their automated nature both implicates and mitigates justice dimensions.},

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}

@inproceedings{proc-in-kleek_x_2018,

title = {X-Ray Refine: Supporting the Exploration and Refinement of Information Exposure Resulting from Smartphone Apps},

author = {Max Goodwin Van Kleek and Reuben Daniel Binns and Jun Zhao and Adam Slack and Sauyon Lee and Dean Ottewell and Nigel R. Shadbolt},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3173574.3173967},

doi = {10.1145/3173574.3173967},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-04-21},

booktitle = {CHI '18: Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems},

publisher = {ACM},

abstract = {Most smartphone apps collect and share information with various first and third parties; yet, such data collection practices remain largely unbeknownst to, and outside the control of, end-users. In this paper, we seek to understand the potential for tools to help people refine their exposure to third parties, resulting from their app usage. We designed an interactive, focus-plus-context display called X-Ray Refine (Refine) that uses models of over 1 million Android apps to visualise a person's exposure profile based on their durations of app use. To support exploration of mitigation strategies, emphRefine can simulate actions such as app usage reduction, removal, and substitution. A lab study of emphRefine found participants achieved a high-level understanding of their exposure, and identified data collection behaviours that violated both their expectations and privacy preferences. Participants also devised bespoke strategies to achieve privacy goals, identifying the key barriers to achieving them.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{proc-in-elsden_making_2018,

title = {Making Sense of Blockchain Applications: A Typology for HCI},

author = {Chris Elsden and Arthi Kanchana Manohar and Jo Briggs and Mike Harding and Chris Speed and John Vines},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3173574.3174032},

doi = {10.1145/3173574.3174032},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-04-21},

booktitle = {CHI '18: Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems},

publisher = {ACM},

abstract = {Blockchain is an emerging infrastructural technology that is proposed to fundamentally transform the ways in which people transact, trust, collaborate, organize and identify themselves. In this paper, we construct a typology of emerging blockchain applications, consider the domains in which they are applied, and identify distinguishing features of this new technology. We argue that there is a unique role for the HCI community in linking the design and application of blockchain technology towards lived experience and the articulation of human values. In particular, we note how the accounting of transactions, a trust in immutable code and algorithms, and the leveraging of distributed crowds and publics around vast interoperable databases all relate to longstanding issues of importance for the field. We conclude by highlighting core conceptual and methodological challenges for HCI researchers beginning to work with blockchain and distributed ledger technologies.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{proc-in-tallyn_ethnobot_2018,

title = {The Ethnobot: Gathering Ethnographies in the Age of IoT},

author = {Ella Tallyn and Hector Fried and Rory Gianni and Amy Isard and Chris Speed},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3173574.3174178},

doi = {10.1145/3173574.3174178},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-04-21},

booktitle = {CHI '18: Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems},

publisher = {ACM},

abstract = {Computational systems and objects are becoming increasingly closely integrated with our daily activities. Ubiquitous and pervasive computing first identified the emerging challenges of studying technology used on-the-move and in widely varied contexts. With IoT, previously sporadic experiences are interconnected across time and space in numerous and complex ways. This increasing complexity has multiplied the challenges facing those who study human experience to inform design. This paper describes the results of a study that used a chatbot or 'Ethnobot' to gather ethnographic data, and considers the opportunities and challenges in collecting this data in the absence of a human ethnographer. This study involved 13 participants gathering information about their experiences at the Royal Highland Show. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the Ethnobot in this setting, discuss the benefits and drawbacks of chatbots as a tool for ethnographic data collection, and conclude with recommendations for the design of chatbots for this purpose.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{proc-in-seymour_how_2018,

title = {How loyal is your Alexa?},

author = {William Seymour},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3170427.3180289},

doi = {10.1145/3170427.3180289},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-04-20},

booktitle = {CHI EA '18: Extended Abstracts of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems},

publisher = {ACM},

abstract = {Smart assistants are the current must-have device in the home. Currently available products do little to respect the autonomy and privacy of end users, but it doesn't have to be this way. My research explores a speculative 'respectful' assistant which is more socially aware, and treats its users in a more nuanced way than occurs at present. Mixing computer science, philosophy, and art, the project uses a combination of user studies and technical comparison to discover a potential future for the smart digital assistant.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{proc-in-nissen_geocoin_2018,

title = {GeoCoin: Supporting Ideation and Collaborative Design with Smart Contracts},

author = {Bettina Nissen and Larissa Pschetz and Dave Murray-Rust and Hadi Mehrpouya and Shaune Oosthuizen and Chris Speed},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3173574.3173737},

doi = {10.1145/3173574.3173737},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-04-19},

booktitle = {CHI '18: Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems},

publisher = {ACM},

abstract = {Design and HCI researchers are increasingly working with complex digital infrastructures, such as cryptocurrencies, distributed ledgers and smart contracts. These technologies will have a profound impact on digital systems and their audiences. However, given their emergent nature and technical complexity, involving non-specialists in the design of applications that employ these technologies is challenging. In this paper, we discuss these challenges and present GeoCoin, a location-based platform for embodied learning and speculative ideating with smart contracts. In collaborative workshops with GeoCoin, participants engaged with location-based smart contracts, using the platform to explore digital 'debit' and 'credit' zones in the city. These exercises led to the design of diverse distributed-ledger applications, for time-limited financial unions, participatory budgeting, and humanitarian aid. These results contribute to the HCI community by demonstrating how an experiential prototype can support understanding of the complexities behind new digital infrastructures and facilitate participant engagement in ideation and design processes.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{proc-in-cormode_constrained_2018,

title = {Constrained Private Mechanisms for Count Data},

author = {Graham Cormode and Tejas Kulkarni and Divesh Srivastava},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1109%2Ficde.2018.00081},

doi = {10.1109/icde.2018.00081},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-04-16},

booktitle = {2018 IEEE 34th International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE)},

publisher = {IEEE},

abstract = {Concern about how to aggregate sensitive user data without compromising individual privacy is a major barrier to greater availability of data. Differential privacy has emerged as an accepted model to release sensitive information while giving a statistical guarantee for privacy. Many different algorithms are possible to address different target functions. We focus on the core problem of count queries, and seek to design mechanisms to release data associated with a group of n individuals. Prior work has focused on designing mechanisms by raw optimization of a loss function, without regard to the consequences on the results. This can leads to mechanisms with undesirable properties, such as never reporting some outputs (gaps), and overreporting others (spikes). We tame these pathological behaviors by introducing a set of desirable properties that mechanisms can obey. Any combination of these can be satisfied by solving a linear program (LP) which minimizes a cost function, with constraints enforcing the properties. We focus on a particular cost function, and provide explicit constructions that are optimal for certain combinations of properties, and show a closed form for their cost. In the end, there are only a handful of distinct optimal mechanisms to choose between: one is the well-known (truncated) geometric mechanism; the second a novel mechanism that we introduce here, and the remainder are found as the solution to particular LPs. These all avoid the bad behaviors we identify. We demonstrate in a set of experiments on real and synthetic data which is preferable in practice, for different combinations of data distributions, constraints, and privacy parameters.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{proc-in-hadian_towards_2018,

title = {Towards Batch-Processing on Cold Storage Devices},

author = {Ali Hadian and Thomas Heinis},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1109%2Ficdew.2018.00028},

doi = {10.1109/icdew.2018.00028},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-04-16},

booktitle = {2018 IEEE 34th International Conference on Data Engineering Workshops (ICDEW)},

publisher = {IEEE},

abstract = {Large amounts of data in storage systems is cold, i.e., Written Once and Read Occasionally (WORO). The rapid growth of massive-scale archival and historical data increases the demand for petabyte-scale cheap storage for such cold data. A Cold Storage Device (CSD) is a disk-based storage system which is designed to trade off performance for cost and power efficiency. Inevitably, the design restrictions used in CSD's results in performance limitations. These limitations are not a concern for WORO workloads, however, the very low price/performance characteristics of CSDs makes them interesting for other applications, e.g., batch processes, too. Applications, however, can be very slow on CSD's if they do not take their characteristics into account. In this paper we design two strategies for data partitioning in CSDs -- a crucial operation in many batch analytics tasks like hash-join, near-duplicate detection, and data localization. We show that our strategies can efficiently use CSDs for batch processing of terabyte-scale data by accelerating data partitioning by 3.5x in our experiments.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}