PETRAS Publications

@inproceedings{proc-in-pilling_process_2020,

title = {The Process of Gaining an AI Legibility Mark},

author = {Franziska Louise Pilling and Haider Ali Akmal and Paul Coulton and Joseph Galen Lindley},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3334480.3381820},

doi = {10.1145/3334480.3381820},

booktitle = {CHI EA '20: Extended Abstracts of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems},

publisher = {ACM},

abstract = {Researchers and designers working in industrial sectors seeking to incorporate Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology, will be aware of the emerging International Organisation for AI Legibility (IOAIL). IOAIL was established to overcome the eruption of obscure AI technology. One of the primary goals of IOAIL is the development of a proficient certification body providing knowledge to users regarding the AI technology they are being exposed to. To this end IOAIL produced a system of standardised icons for attaching to products and systems to indicate both the presence of AI and to increase the legibility of that AI's attributes. Whilst the process of certification is voluntary it is becoming a mark of trust, enhancing the usability and acceptability of AI-infused products through improved legibility. In this paper we present our experience of seeking certification for a locally implemented AI security system, highlighting the issues generated for those seeking to adopt such certification.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{proc-in-akmal_divination_2020,

title = {The Divination of Things by Things},

author = {Haider Ali Akmal and Paul Coulton},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3334480.3381823},

doi = {10.1145/3334480.3381823},

booktitle = {CHI EA '20: Extended Abstracts of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems},

publisher = {ACM},

abstract = {As humans our view of the world is predominantly restricted to our own experience and are largely oblivious to the alternate perspective of reality experienced by the objects that cohabit our spaces even though such objects are often integral components of our lives. This paper considers the growing phenomenon whereby non-human objects such as cutlery and appliances are having what might be considered human-like experiences through integration of advanced computational programming. By examining the services provided by Madame Bitsy's Fantastic Future Forecasting and Fortune Telling Emporium for the Internet of Living Things, which is a fully autonomous online fortune telling service for Internet of Things enabled objects and services, we attempt to illuminate what it means to be a digitally connected object.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{proc-in-seymour_strangers_2020,

title = {Strangers in the Room},

author = {William Seymour and Reuben Daniel Binns and Petr Slov\'{a}k and Max Goodwin Van Kleek and Nigel R. Shadbolt},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3357236.3395501},

doi = {10.1145/3357236.3395501},

booktitle = {DIS '20: Proceedings of the 2020 ACM Designing Interactive Systems Conference},

publisher = {ACM},

abstract = {The increasingly widespread use of 'smart' devices has raised multifarious ethical concerns regarding their use in domestic spaces. Previous work examining such ethical dimensions has typically either involved empirical studies of concerns raised by specific devices and use contexts, or alternatively expounded on abstract concepts like autonomy, privacy or trust in relation to 'smart homes' in general. This paper attempts to bridge these approaches by asking what features of smart devices users consider as rendering them 'smart' and how these relate to ethical concerns. Through a multimethod investigation including surveys with smart device users (n=120) and semi-structured interviews (n=15), we identify and describe eight types of smartness and explore how they engender a variety of ethical concerns including privacy, autonomy, and disruption of the social order. We argue that this middle ground, between concerns arising from particular devices and more abstract ethical concepts, can better anticipate potential ethical concerns regarding smart devices.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{proc-in-ekambaranathan_money_2021,

title = {"Money makes the world go around": Identifying Barriers to Better Privacy in Children's Apps From Developers' Perspectives},

author = {Anirudh Ekambaranathan and Jun Zhao and Max Goodwin Van Kleek},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3411764.3445599},

doi = {10.1145/3411764.3445599},

booktitle = {CHI '21: Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems},

publisher = {ACM},

abstract = {The industry for children's apps is thriving at the cost of children's privacy: these apps routinely disclose children's data to multiple data trackers and ad networks. As children spend increasing time online, such exposure accumulates to long-term privacy risks. In this paper, we used a mixed-methods approach to investigate why this is happening and how developers might change their practices. We base our analysis against 5 leading data protection frameworks that set out requirements and recommendations for data collection in children's apps. To understand developers' perspectives and constraints, we conducted 134 surveys and 20 semi-structured interviews with popular Android children's app developers. Our analysis revealed that developers largely respect children's best interests; however, they have to make compromises due to limited monetisation options, perceived harmlessness of certain third-party libraries, and lack of availability of design guidelines. We identified concrete approaches and directions for future research to help overcome these barriers.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{proc-in-akmal_internet_2020,

title = {The Internet of Things Game: Revealing the Complexity of the IoT},

author = {Haider Ali Akmal and Paul Coulton},

booktitle = {Proceedings of DiGRA 2020},

abstract = {The Internet of Things (IoT) is a phenomenon wherein everyday objects are capable of interacting together through the Internet; producing complex interdependencies between human and non-human actants. However, much of this complexity is not legible to users of IoT and can produce concerns relating to areas such as privacy and security, when the independent-but-interdependent motivations and perspectives of the actants are incongruent. To address this issue this paper presents The Internet of Things Board Game, which has been designed such that its procedural rhetoric makes legible these independent-but-interdependent relationships; and reveal how they manifest in the management of our security and privacy within IoT. The results of play-testing the game through multiple iterations highlight the valuable contribution games can play in revealing the ever-increasing complexity of relationships between the digital and the physical, and the human and non-human.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{proc-in-kleek_super_2020,

title = {Super-reflective Data: Speculative Imaginings of a World Where Data Works For People},

author = {Max Goodwin Van Kleek},

url = {https://www.emergentdatatrails.com/},

booktitle = {Signs, Signals \& Signifers Speculative Designs for Emergent Personal Data Trails at CHI 2020},

abstract = {It's the year 2020, and every space and place on- and off-line has been augmented with digital things that observe, record, transmit, and compute, for the purposes of recording endless data traces of what is happening in the world. Individually, these things (and the invisible services the power them) have reached considerable sophistication in their ability to analyse and dissect such observations, turning streams of audio and video into informative parcels-data fragments containing spoken utterances, activity data, and moment-to-moment minutiae about the world and its inhabitants. For this workshop, we propose two hypothetical mini scenarios different from our current digital world. In the former, instead of hoarding it, data controllers turn captured data over to those who need it as quickly as possible, working together to combine, validate, and refine it for maximum usefulness. This simultaneously addresses the data fragmentation and privacy problem, by handing over long-term data governance to those that value it the most. In the latter, we discuss ethical dilemmas using the long-term use of such rich data and its tendency to cause people to relentlessly optimise.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{proc-in-smart_extended_2021,

title = {Extended Computation: Wide Computationalism in Reverse},

author = {Paul R. Smart and Wendy Hall and Michael J. Boniface},

doi = {10.1145/3462741.3466810},

booktitle = {13th ACM Web Science Conference 2021},

publisher = {ACM},

abstract = {Arguments for extended cognition and the extended mind are typically directed at human-centred forms of cognitive extension\textemdashforms of cognitive extension in which the cognitive/mental states and processes of a given human individual are subject to a form of extended or wide realization. The same is true of debates and discussions pertaining to the possibility of Web-extended minds and Internet-based forms of cognitive extension. In this case, the focus of attention concerns the extent to which the informational and technological elements of the online environment form part of the machinery of the (individual) human mind. In this paper, we direct attention to a somewhat different form of cognitive extension. In particular, we suggest that the Web allows human individuals to be incorporated into the computational/cognitive routines of online systems. These forms of computational/cognitive extension highlight the potential of the Web and Internet to support bidirectional forms of computational/cognitive incorporation. The analysis of such bidirectional forms of incorporation broadens the scope of philosophical debates in this area, with potentially important implications for our understanding of the foundational notions of extended cognition and the extended mind.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{proc-in-simkute_experts_2020,

title = {Experts in the Shadow of Algorithmic Systems},

author = {Auste Simkute and Ewa A. Luger and Michael Evans and Rhianne Jones},

doi = {10.1145/3393914.3395862},

booktitle = {Companion Publication of the 2020 ACM Designing Interactive Systems Conference},

publisher = {ACM},

abstract = {Algorithms support decision-making in various contexts, often diminishing human agency in the process. Without meaningful human input, use of predictive systems can result in costly errors, leaving users unable to evaluate accuracy. Intelligibility is one design criterion that may ensure users remain in the decision-making loop. However, guidance is currently diffuse and focused on the lay user, ignoring the role of expertise. We propose a cognitive psychology-based framework that segments decision-making space by users' expertise, risk-environment and motivation. We illustrate this by focusing on expertise, exploring how we might inform usable intelligibility in interface design, enhancing user agency in the decision-making process.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{proc-in-satyanarayanan_balancing_2022,

title = {Balancing privacy and serendipity in cyberspace},

author = {Mahadev Satyanarayanan and Nigel Davies and Nina Taft},

doi = {10.1145/3508396.3512873},

booktitle = {Proceedings of the 23rd Annual International Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications},

publisher = {ACM},

abstract = {Unplanned encounters or casual collisions between colleagues have long been recognized as catalysts for creativity and innovation. The absence of such encounters has been a negative side effect of COVID-enforced remote work. However, there have also been positive side effects such as less time lost to commutes, lower carbon footprints, and improved work-life balance. This vision paper explores how serendipity for remote workers can be created by leveraging IoT technologies, edge computing, high-resolution video, network protocols for live interaction, and video/audio denaturing. We reflect on the privacy issues that technology-mediated serendipity raises and sketch a path towards honoring diverse privacy preferences.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{proc-in-mikusz_next_2016,

title = {Next Generation Physical Analytics for Digital Signage},

author = {Mateusz Mikusz and Anastasios K. Noulas and Nigel Davies and Sarah Clinch and Adrian Friday},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1145%2F2935651.2935658},

doi = {10.1145/2935651.2935658},

booktitle = {WPA '16: Proceedings of the 3rd International on Workshop on Physical Analytics},

publisher = {ACM Press},

abstract = {Traditional digital signage analytics are based on a display-centric view of the world, reporting data on the content shown augmented with frequency of views and possibly classification of the audience demographics. What these systems are unable to provide, are insights into viewers' overall experience of content. This is problematic if we want to understand where, for example, to place content in a network of physically distributed digital signs to optimise content exposure. In this paper we propose a new approach that combines mobility simulations with comprehensive signage analytics data to provide viewer-centric physical analytics. Our approach enables us to ask questions of the analytics from the viewer's perspective for the first time, including estimating the exposure of different user groups to specific content across the entire signage network. We describe a proof of concept implementation that demonstrates the feasibility of our approach, and provide an overview of potential applications and analytics reports.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{proc-in-mikusz_poster_2016,

title = {Poster: Understanding Mobile User Interactions with the IoT},

author = {Mateusz Mikusz and Oliver Bates and Sarah Clinch and Nigel Davies and Adrian Friday and Anastasios K. Noulas},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1145%2F2938559.2938607},

doi = {10.1145/2938559.2938607},

booktitle = {MobiSys '16 Companion: Proceedings of the 14th Annual International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services Companion},

publisher = {ACM Press},

abstract = {The increasing reach of the Internet of Things (IoT) is leading to a world rich in sensors [3] that can be used to support physical analytics -- analogous to web analytics but targeted at user interactions with physical devices in the real-world (e.g. [2]). In contrast to web analytics, physical analytics systems typically only provide data relating to sensors and objects without consideration of individual users. This is mainly a consequence of an inability to track individual mobile user interactions across multiple physical objects (or across sessions of interaction with a single object) using, for example, an analogue of a web cookie. Indeed, such a "physical analytics cookie" could raise significant privacy concerns. 

 However, in many cases a more "human-centric" approach to analytics would enable us to provide new and interesting insights into interactions between mobile users and the physical world [1]. In our work we endeavour to leverage synthetic user traces of human mobility, and data from real IoT systems, to provide such insights.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{proc-in-ani_what_2021,

title = {What Makes an Industrial Control System Security Testbed Credible and Acceptable? Towards a Design Consideration Framework},

author = {Uchenna P. Daniel Ani and Jeremy Daniel McKendrick Watson},

doi = {10.5220/0010170301810190},

booktitle = {Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Simulation and Modeling Methodologies, Technologies and Applications},

publisher = {SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications},

abstract = {The convergence of Industrial Control System (ICS) with Information Technologies (IT) coupled with the resulting and widely publicized cyber security incidents have made ICS security and resilience issues of critical concern to operators and governments. The inability to apply traditional IT security practice to ICSs further complicates the challenges of effectively securing critical industrial systems. To investigate these challenges without impacting upon live system operations, testbeds are being widely used as viable options to explore, develop and assess security risks and controls. However, how an ICS testbed is designed, and its attributes, can directly impact not only on its viability but also its credibility and acceptance for use as a whole. Through a systematic review and analysis of ICS security testbed design factors, a novel outline conceptual mapping of design factors for building credibility and acceptance is proposed. These design considerations include: design objec tives, implementation approach, architectural component coverage, core operational characteristics, and evaluation approach.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{proc-in-lindley_implications_2017,

title = {Implications for Adoption},

author = {Joseph Galen Lindley and Paul Coulton and Miriam Sturdee},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3025453.3025742},

doi = {10.1145/3025453.3025742},

booktitle = {CHI '17: Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems},

publisher = {ACM},

abstract = {In this paper we explore the motivations for, and practicalities of, incorporating "implications for adoption" into HCI research practice. Implications for adoption are speculations which may be used in research projects to scrutinize and explore the implications and requirements associated with a technology's potential adoption in the future. There is a rich tradition within the HCI community of implementing, demonstrating, and testing new interactions or technologies by building prototypes. User-centered design methods help us to develop prototypes to and move toward designs that are validated, efficient, and rewarding to use. However, these studies rarely shift their temporal focus to consider, in any significant detail, what it would mean for a technology to exist beyond its prototypical implementation, in other words how these prototypes might ultimately be adopted. Given the CHI community's increasing interest in technology-related human and social effects, the lack of attention paid to adoption represents a significant and relevant gap in current practices. It is this gap that the paper addresses and in doing so offers three contributions: (1) exploring and unpacking different notions of adoption from varying disciplinary perspectives; (2) discussing why considering adoption is relevant and useful, specifically in HCI research; (3) discussing methods for addressing this need, specifically design fiction, and understanding how utilizing these methods may provide researchers with means to better understand the myriad of nuanced, situated, and technologically-mediated relationships that innovative designs facilitate.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{proc-in-tinati_role_2017,

title = {The Role of Crowdsourcing in the Emerging Internet-Of-Things},

author = {Ramine Tinati and Aastha Madaan and Wendy Hall},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3041021.3051693},

doi = {10.1145/3041021.3051693},

booktitle = {WWW '17 Companion: Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion},

publisher = {ACM Press},

abstract = {In this position paper we wish to propose and discuss several open research questions associated with the IoT. In particular, we wish to consider how crowdsourcing can be used as a scalable, reliable, and sustainable approach to support various computationally difficult and ambiguous tasks recognised in IoT research. We illustrate our work by examining a number of use cases related to healthcare and smart cities, and finally consider the future development of the IoT eco-system with respect to the socio-technical philosophy and implementation of the Web Observatory.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{proc-in-klaine_implementation_2021,

title = {An Implementation of a Blockchain-based Data Marketplace using Geth},

author = {Paulo Valente Klaine and Lei Zhang and Muhammad Ali Imran},

doi = {10.1109/brains52497.2021.9569838},

booktitle = {2021 3rd Conference on Blockchain Research \&$mathsemicolon$ Applications for Innovative Networks and Services (BRAINS)},

publisher = {IEEE},

abstract = {Nowadays data is one of the most important assets that can be obtained, as many applications rely on data to generate useful services. However, a very few number of companies control, in a centralized manner, a large portion of data. That, combined with inefficiencies in centralized storage and recent data leak scandals, highlights the need for new ways in which data is shared and consumed, in which privacy and access control is guaranteed by design. Based on that, in this paper we present an implementation of a blockchain-based data marketplace utilizing the Go Ethereum (Geth) library. The implementation consists of an IoT node powered by a raspberry pi zero W, which is utilized to collect data from the environment and store it in an InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) external server, a web page that displays the marketplace, and a private blockchain that records transactions. Regarding the private blockchain, three smart contracts are developed in order to: 1) record information about the data in the marketplace; 2) record transactions that occur between users; 3) allow sellers to white/blacklist buyers' access to the data. This implementation shows that a decentralized blockchain-based marketplace is feasible and scalable, and we hope it can serve as an early model for future frameworks.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{proc-in-alotaibi_advanced_2022,

title = {Advanced Techniques for Preventing Thermal Imaging Attacks},

author = {Norah Alotaibi and Md Shafiqul Islam and Karola Marky and Mohamed Khamis},

doi = {10.1145/3490100.3516472},

booktitle = {27th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces},

publisher = {ACM},

abstract = {Thermal cameras can be used to detect user input on interfaces, such as touchscreens, keyboards, and PIN pads, by recording the heat traces left by the users' fingers after interaction (e.g., typing a message or entering a PIN) and using them to reconstruct the input. While previous work mitigated the thermal attacks by complicating input or distorting heat traces, our research is the first to propose preventing thermal attack using deep learning (DL) techniques to prevent malicious use of thermal cameras. Our DL models detect interfaces in the thermal camera feed and then obfuscate heat traces on them. Our preliminary findings show that the proposed framework can detect interfaces and eliminate authentication information from thermal images. At the same time, our methods still reveal if an interface has been interacted with. Thus, our approach improves security without impacting the utility of the thermal camera.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{proc-in-bonner_using_2021,

title = {Using Personal Data to Support Authentication: User Attitudes and Suitability},

author = {Jolie Bonner and Joseph O'Hagan and Florian Mathis and Jamie Ferguson and Mohamed Khamis},

doi = {10.1145/3490632.3490644},

booktitle = {20th International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia},

publisher = {ACM},

abstract = {Dynamic personal data based on a user's activity, such as recent visited physical locations, browsing history, and call logs, update frequently, making it a promising token for user authentication. However, it is not clear how users perceive this use of personal data and which data types are most suitable for authentication. To investigate this, we conducted an online survey with N=100 participants. For 10 personal data types we asked participants about their comfort with this data for authentication, its perceived security, its impact on behaviour, who has access to it, how frequently it updates, and how memorable they perceive it to be. We found that participants were generally uncomfortable with personal data being used for authentication and, knowing their personal data is used, they may intentionally change their behaviour due to privacy concerns. We discuss the benefits and drawbacks of using personal data as a source of dynamic tokens to complement authentication and conclude with three learned lessons.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{proc-in-lindley_not_2017,

title = {Not on Demand: Internet of Things Enabled Energy Temporality},

author = {Joseph Galen Lindley and Paul Coulton and Rachel Cooper},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3064857.3079112},

doi = {10.1145/3064857.3079112},

booktitle = {DIS '17 Companion: Proceedings of the 2017 ACM Conference Companion Publication on Designing Interactive Systems},

publisher = {ACM},

abstract = {Over a century ago alternating current (AC) triumphed over direct current (DC) in the "war of the currents" and ever since AC has been ubiquitous. Increasingly devices operating internally use DC power, hence inefficient conversions from AC to DC are necessarily common. Conversely, domestic photovoltaic (PV) panels produce DC current which must be inverted to AC to integrate with existing wiring, appliances, and/or be exported the power grid. By using batteries, specifically designed DC devices, and the Internet of Things, our infrastructure may be redesigned to improve efficiency. In this provocation, we use design fiction to describe how such a system could be implemented and to open a discussion about the broader implications of such a technological shift on user experience design and interaction design.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{proc-in-davies_better_2017,

title = {Better off: when should pervasive displays be powered down?},

author = {Nigel Davies and Sarah Clinch and Mateusz Mikusz and Oliver Bates and Helen Turner and Adrian Friday},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3078810.3078821},

doi = {10.1145/3078810.3078821},

booktitle = {PerDis '17: Proceedings of the 6th ACM International Symposium on Pervasive Displays},

publisher = {ACM},

abstract = {Digital displays are a ubiquitous feature of our public spaces - both ever present, and "always on". In this paper we use a combination of literature survey, experimental work, and stakeholder interviews to consider if maximising the amount of time such displays are powered on is truly advantageous. We challenge existing practice by considering arguments from the perspectives of multiple stakeholders (viewers, passers-by, content creators and signage owners), and identify multiple facets for consideration including levels of attention, cognitive load, impact on social interactions, energy and financial costs, advertising revenue, perceptions of failure and the pressures of creating valuable content.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{proc-in-olma_block_2017,

title = {BLOCK: Efficient Execution of Spatial Range Queries in Main-Memory},

author = {Matthaios Olma and Farhan Tauheed and Thomas Heinis and Anastasia Ailamaki},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3085504.3085519},

doi = {10.1145/3085504.3085519},

booktitle = {SSDBM '17: Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Scientific and Statistical Database Management},

publisher = {ACM},

abstract = {The execution of spatial range queries is at the core of many applications, particularly in the simulation sciences but also in many other domains. Although main memory in desktop and supercomputers alike has grown considerably in recent years, most spatial indexes supporting the efficient execution of range queries are still only optimized for disk access (minimizing disk page reads). Recent research has primarily focused on the optimization of known disk-based approaches for memory (through cache alignment etc.) but has not fundamentally revisited index structures for memory. 

 In this paper we develop BLOCK, a novel approach to execute range queries on spatial data featuring volumetric objects in main memory. Our approach is built on the key insight that in-memory approaches need to be optimized to reduce the number of intersection tests (between objects and query but also in the index structure). Our experimental results show that BLOCK outperforms known in-memory indexes as well as in-memory implementations of disk-based spatial indexes up to a factor of 7. The experiments show that it is more scalable than competing approaches as the data sets become denser.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{proc-in-kollnig_i_2021,

title = {I Want My App That Way: Reclaiming Sovereignty Over Personal Devices},

author = {Konrad Kollnig and Siddhartha Datta and Max Goodwin Van Kleek},

doi = {10.1145/3411763.3451632},

booktitle = {Extended Abstracts of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems},

publisher = {ACM},

abstract = {Dark patterns in mobile apps take advantage of cognitive biases of end-users and can have detrimental effects on people's lives. Despite growing research in identifying remedies for dark patterns and established solutions for desktop browsers, there exists no established methodology to reduce dark patterns in mobile apps. Our work introduces GreaseDroid, a community-driven app modification framework enabling non-expert users to disable dark patterns in apps selectively.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{proc-in-agrawal_exploring_2021,

title = {Exploring Design and Governance Challenges in the Development of Privacy-Preserving Computation},

author = {Nitin Agrawal and Reuben Daniel Binns and Max Goodwin Van Kleek and Kim Laine and Nigel R. Shadbolt},

doi = {10.1145/3411764.3445677},

booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems},

publisher = {ACM},

abstract = {Homomorphic encryption, secure multi-party computation, and differential privacy are part of an emerging class of Privacy Enhancing Technologies which share a common promise: to preserve privacy whilst also obtaining the benefits of computational analysis. Due to their relative novelty, complexity, and opacity, these technologies provoke a variety of novel questions for design and governance. We interviewed researchers, developers, industry leaders, policymakers, and designers involved in their deployment to explore motivations, expectations, perceived opportunities and barriers to adoption. This provided insight into several pertinent challenges facing the adoption of these technologies, including: how they might make a nebulous concept like privacy computationally tractable; how to make them more usable by developers; and how they could be explained and made accountable to stakeholders and wider society. We conclude with implications for the development, deployment, and responsible governance of these privacy-preserving computation techniques.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{proc-in-ekambaranathan_understanding_2020,

title = {Understanding Value and Design Choices Made by Android Family App Developers},

author = {Anirudh Ekambaranathan and Jun Zhao and Max Goodwin Van Kleek},

doi = {10.1145/3334480.3383064},

booktitle = {Extended Abstracts of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems},

publisher = {ACM},

abstract = {The rapidly expanding family mobile app market provides a great opportunity for children's education and development. However, recent research has revealed a prevalence of persuasive designs and tracking of children's data in these apps, which may harm children's online privacy and self-regulation development. We conducted 20 interviews with Android family app developers to understand their design practices. We used the lens of Value Sensitive Design to identify developer's values and how they translate them into design choices. Our findings show that though developer values are generally aligned with the best interest of users, they often must make compromises due to market pressure, lack of monetisation options, and the use of biased design guidelines. Our findings show a need for centralised actionable guidelines and important directions for HCI research to support both end-users' and developers' values.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{proc-in-bradbury_trust_2021,

title = {Trust assessment in 32 KiB of RAM},

author = {Matthew Bradbury and Arshad Jhumka and Tim Watson},

doi = {10.1145/3412841.3441898},

booktitle = {Proceedings of the 36th Annual ACM Symposium on Applied Computing},

publisher = {ACM},

abstract = {There is an increasing demand for Internet of Things (IoT) systems comprised of resource-constrained sensor and actuator nodes executing increasingly complex applications, possibly simultaneously. IoT devices will not be able to execute computationally expensive tasks and will require more powerful computing nodes, called edge nodes, for such execution, in a process called computation offloading. When multiple powerful nodes are available, a selection problem arises: which edge node should a task be submitted to? This problem is even more acute when the system is subjected to attacks, such as DoS, or network perturbations such as system overload. In this paper, we present a trust model-based system architecture for computation offloading, based on behavioural evidence. The system architecture provides confidentiality, authentication and non-repudiation of messages in required scenarios and will operate within the resource constraints of embedded IoT nodes. We demonstrate the viability of the architecture with an example deployment of Beta Reputation System trust model on real hardware.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{proc-in-milton_talking_2018,

title = {Talking to GNOMEs: Exploring Privacy and Trust Around Internet of Things Devices in a Public Space},

author = {Richard Milton and Boyana Buyuklieva and Duncan Hay and Andrew Hudson-Smith and Steven Gray},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3170427.3188481},

doi = {10.1145/3170427.3188481},

booktitle = {CHI EA '18: Extended Abstracts of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems},

publisher = {ACM},

abstract = {Privacy issues can be difficult for end-users to understand and are therefore a key concern for information-sharing systems. This paper describes a deployment of fifteen Bluetooth-beacon-enabled 'creatures' spread across London's Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park, which initiate conversations on mobile phones in their vicinity via push notifications. Playing on the common assumption that neutral public settings promote anonymity, users' willingness to converse with personified chatbots is used as a proxy for understanding their inclination to share personal and potentially disclosing information. Each creature is linked to a conversational agent that asks for users' memories and their responses are then shared with other creatures in the network. This paper presents the design of an interactive device used to test users' awareness of how their information propagates to others.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{proc-in-cormode_marginal_2018,

title = {Marginal Release Under Local Differential Privacy},

author = {Graham Cormode and Tejas Kulkarni and Divesh Srivastava},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3183713.3196906},

doi = {10.1145/3183713.3196906},

booktitle = {SIGMOD '18: Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Management of Data},

publisher = {ACM},

abstract = {Many analysis and machine learning tasks require the availability of marginal statistics on multidimensional datasets while providing strong privacy guarantees for the data subjects. Applications for these statistics range from finding correlations in the data to fitting sophisticated prediction models. In this paper, we provide a set of algorithms for materializing marginal statistics under the strong model of local differential privacy. We prove the first tight theoretical bounds on the accuracy of marginals compiled under each approach, perform empirical evaluation to confirm these bounds, and evaluate them for tasks such as modeling and correlation testing. Our results show that releasing information based on (local) Fourier transformations of the input is preferable to alternatives based directly on (local) marginals.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{proc-in-cormode_privacy_2018,

title = {Privacy at Scale},

author = {Graham Cormode and Somesh K. Jha and Tejas Kulkarni and Ninghui Li and Divesh Srivastava and Tianhao Wang},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3183713.3197390},

doi = {10.1145/3183713.3197390},

booktitle = {SIGMOD '18: Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Management of Data},

publisher = {ACM},

abstract = {Local differential privacy (LDP), where users randomly perturb their inputs to provide plausible deniability of their data without the need for a trusted party, has been adopted recently by several major technology organizations, including Google, Apple and Microsoft. This tutorial aims to introduce the key technical underpinnings of these deployed systems, to survey current research that addresses related problems within the LDP model, and to identify relevant open problems and research directions for the community.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{proc-in-mikusz_using_2018,

title = {Using Pervasive Displays to Aid Student Recall -Reflections on a Campus-Wide Trial},

author = {Mateusz Mikusz and Sarah Clinch and Peter Shaw and Nigel Davies and Petteri Nurmi},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3205873.3205882},

doi = {10.1145/3205873.3205882},

booktitle = {PerDis '18: Proceedings of the 7th ACM International Symposium on Pervasive Displays},

publisher = {ACM},

abstract = {University campuses are rapidly transitioning to environments that are rich in technology designed to support learning throughout the day and in diverse forms. Traditional lectures and seminars are supplemented with rich WiFi coverage, integrated learning environments, video lectures, public display networks and other innovations. Of these diverse technologies, the role and potential of public display networks in higher education is currently least understood. Indeed, most campus displays are merely used as means of information dissemination or as tools to support collaboration. 

 In this paper, we explore the potential of pervasive display technologies as active contributors to university teaching and learning. We describe a real-world explorative study in which campus displays we used to stimulate student recall of lecture material. Our experiences demonstrate that public displays can be leveraged to provide prompts at opportune moments and invites further research in designing memory prompts to leverage the learning potential of pervasive displays in campus settings. The insights we garnered form a solid foundation and highlight opportunities and challenges in the field.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{proc-in-lyngs_self_2019,

title = {Self-Control in Cyberspace: Applying Dual Systems Theory to a Review of Digital Self-Control Tools},

author = {Ulrik Lyngs and Kai Lukoff and Petr Slov\'{a}k and Reuben Daniel Binns and Adam Slack and Michael Inzlicht and Max Goodwin Van Kleek and Nigel R. Shadbolt},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3290605.3300361},

doi = {10.1145/3290605.3300361},

booktitle = {CHI '19: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems},

publisher = {ACM},

abstract = {Many people struggle to control their use of digital devices. However, our understanding of the design mechanisms that support user self-control remains limited. In this paper, we make two contributions to HCI research in this space: first, we analyse 367 apps and browser extensions from the Google Play, Chrome Web, and Apple App stores to identify common core design features and intervention strategies afforded by current tools for digital self-control. Second, we adapt and apply an integrative dual systems model of self-regulation as a framework for organising and evaluating the design features found. Our analysis aims to help the design of better tools in two ways: (i) by identifying how, through a well-established model of self-regulation, current tools overlap and differ in how they support self-control; and (ii) by using the model to reveal underexplored cognitive mechanisms that could aid the design of new tools.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}